Rex Offa of Mercia (Northern England) | Rex Offa of Mercia. (Northern England) |
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| Written by Abdun Nur | |
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Before 1066 the lands were named: Britanniae (United Kingdom, all 4 regions) Albion (England, Wales and Scotland ) Iernē (Eirē - Ireland).
Albiōn (cf. Middle Irish Albbu) derives from the Proto-Celtic: Alb-ien-, sharing the same stem as Welsh: elfydd "earth, world". The people of Albion would be denoted as the Albic tribes. However if you go further back in history the root of the name becomes clear.
A major fleet invasion and subsequent further arrivals came into Britain under the leadership of Albyne, sailing from ancient Chaldean Syria around 1500 BC. (The date may be as late as 1350 BC and research to establish this is underway.). These Ealde Cyrcenas - Old Syrians are well attested in Mediaeval English Manuscripts. These were highly civilized literate, and advanced metal working people.
It is probable the land was named Albion after the leader Albyne.
In ancient Assyria between 720-687 BC, a certain people called the Ten Tribes of Israel - known to the Assyrians as the "Khumry" were deported to Armenia. Following this in 687-650 BC, they then left Armenia and marched through Asia Minor to the Dardanelles. The Khumry at this time were called the Kimmeroi by the Greeks. Half the Nation went to found Etruria around 650 BC, and the remainder sailed for Britain.
This leads us to the second major invasion of Britain around 504 BC from Western Asia Minor and this appears to have been a combined Trojan, Khumric, and Cornish immigration. The Khumric element were the same Khumry that the Assyrians called the Ten Tribes of Israel, and actually they appear to have been accompanied by members of the two tribes of Judea. Again these were highly civilized culturally developed, literate, and advanced metal working peoples.
Brutus - also known as Britt, Brwth, and Prydain - was the founder of Britain. (Ref: King Authur and the true British history. By Allen Wilson and Baram Blacketts.)
Again the Islands were very likely named after the leader, Brutus.
By the 1st century AD, the name Albion refers unequivocally to modern Great Britain. The Pseudo-Aristotelian text De mundo has: "the largest islands they reached were two, called the Britannic [isles], Albion and Iernē."
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23 - 79), better known as Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History, likewise has: "It was itself named Albion, while all the islands about which we shall soon briefly speak were called the Britanniae."
The arrival of the Germanic Tribes.
What we are taught about the histories of the United Kingdom, as it is now known, through the Roman Catholic version of events, being half truths at best; history created as both propaganda, and corruptions, for an engineered conformity of the population, in support of the sovereign and corporate models. If the facts are examined without the confluence of agendas, to a predetermined conclusion, the story of the histories of the United Kingdom takes on a different complexion.
The Angles and the Saxons began to invade the southern counties of Britain, starting around 449AD, the Angles came from Schleswig-Holstein (the two duchies of Schleswig and Holstein) the northern most of the sixteen states of Germany, while the Saxons were a confederation of old Germanic tribes.
From the Anglo-saxon chronicles it is clear from the outset the immigrants murdered and plundered and stole the land of southern Albion, the details from their own account proves the death cult of these immigrant upon the indigenous peoples. Much like the history of the Americas, were the 100 million native inhabitants were exterminated, and have no baring on the Christian death cults interpretations of history.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles paint a picture of theft and murder:
455 - fought against Wurtgern the Rex of Aylesford, stealing the region. 457 – murdered 4000 at Crayford driving out the people of Kent. 465 – fought with the Welsh at Wippedfleet killing 12 leaders. 473 – attacked the Welsh and stole immense booty. 477 – attacked the Welsh driving them into Andred'sley. 485 – attacked the Welsh. 490 – besieged the city of Andred murdering every single inhabitant. 495 – attacked the Welsh. 501 - Porta and his two sons, Beda and Mela, came into Britain, with two ships, at a place called Portsmouth. They soon landed, and slew on the spot a young Briton of very high rank. 508 – murdered the Rex and five thousand men with him, stealing Netley as far as Charford. 514 – attacked the Albions at Cerdic's-ore putting them to flight. 519 – attacked the people of Charford and took the region from them. 527 – attacked the people of Cerdic's-ley. 530 - attacked isle of Wight, and slew many men in Carisbrook. 552 – attacked the people of Sarum putting them to flight. 556 – attacked the people of Beranbury. 571 – attacked the people of Bedford, and stole four towns, Lenbury, Aylesbury, Benson, and Ensham. 577 - murdered three Rex's, Commail, and Condida, and Farinmail, stealing Derham, Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath. 584 – attacked the people of Fretherne stealing immense booty and wealth. 591 – a great slaughter of the indigenous Britons at Wanborouge.
They settled in southern England, and established themselves within sovereign Kingdoms, in contrast to the Albic model, these were, the kingdom of the East Angles, the Kingdom of the Middle Angles, the Kingdom of the south Angles, which later became East Anglia (Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and part of modern Essex). The Saxons settles in the Kingdom of the East Saxons, the Kingdom of the West Saxons, the Kingdom of the Middle Saxons, and the Kingdom of the South Saxons (Middlesex, Sussex, Wessex and part of Essex), as you can see this means they settles in southern Britain, additionally they attempted from this point in the chronicled A.S history in addition to Christianise the indigenous population, installing the ignorance of religion and its subjugating infrastructure wherever opportunity allowed.
At the time they settled, the idea of England (Land of the Angles) had not been conceived by the indigenous peoples, as they were not Angles and knew their country as Albion, it is also the basis of the Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland, Alba. This indicates strongly the indigenous peoples identified the islands they inhabited as shared, no distinction was expressed, in contrast to the German immigrants sovereigns, in league with the Roman Catholic Church, who wished to steal the island of Albion from the indigenous peoples, as became evident from their actions from that point.
The beginning of the Roman Catholic Church conspiracy.
Had the Papacy decided Albion was to belong to the Anglo-saxons not the indigenous population?
The Anglo-Saxon chronicles A.D. 816: “This year died Pope Stephen; and Paschalis was consecrated pope after him. This same year the hostelry/quarter/school of the English nation (Angelcynnes) at Rome was destroyed by fire.” A nation that did not exist, they originating from a region of Germany, so would have been the Germanic nation, not for another 2 centuries would they steal Albion, yet referenced in the chronicle, as if it was intended.
Pope Gregory the Great (540 – 604 AD) is the first known to have simplified Anglii to Angli, which he did in an epistle (formal letter).
Angle is used as the root of the French and Anglo-Norman words Angleterre (Angleland, i.e. England) and anglais (English).
Outside of Britain within Europe Charlemagne (Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus, meaning Charles the Great) (742 – 814) was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe.
Pope Leo III, who actions had turned him into a criminal, was cast out by the Romans, who the Pope then accused of put out his eyes and tear out his tongue, even against the physical evidence, the stupidity of Christians stands as a true wonder. Leo was exiled, and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn, asking him to intervene in Rome and restore him, which he did in 799.
Anglo-Saxon chronicles A.D. 797: “This year the Romans cut out the tongue of Pope Leo, put out his eyes, and drove him from his see; but soon after, by the assistance of God, he could see and speak, and became pope as he was before!”
At that time a woman reigned as Emperor in Constantinople, in the mind and ambitions of the Pope this meant there was no living Emperor, the Pope took the extraordinary step of creating a new Emperor, without precedent or justification of any sort. The papacy had since 727 been in conflict with Irene's predecessors in Constantinople over a number of issues, chiefly the continued Byzantine adherence to the doctrine of iconoclasm, the destruction of Christian images; while from 750, the secular power of the Byzantine Empire in central Italy had been nullified.
By bestowing the Imperial crown upon Charlemagne, the Pope arrogated to himself the right to appoint the Emperor of the Romans, establishing the imperial crown as his own personal gift, but simultaneously granting himself implicit superiority over the Emperor, whom he had created. And because the Byzantines had proved so unsatisfactory for the Papacy, from every point of view—political, military and doctrinal—he selected a westerner.
Charlemagne continued the policy of his father towards the Roman Catholic papacy and became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in Italy, and waging war on the indigenous Spanish and Portuguese who embraced Islam, within Iberian peninsular. It was during one of these campaigns that Charlemagne experienced the worst defeat of his life, at the Battle of Roncesvalles (Northern Spain - 778), he also campaigned against the peoples to his east, especially the Saxons, and after a protracted war subjected them to his rule.
It may seem at odds with the idealised public relations epitome of Christian doctrine to wage war, but this is clearly directed within the Bible of this death cult, and equally clear in the history of the actions of its adherents, still to this day:
“Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword.” (Matthew 10:34)
“If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.” (Luke 14:26)
“Those mine enemies which would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me.” (Luke 19:27)
“Suppose ye that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you, Nay; but rather division.” (Luke 12:51-2)
“Thou shalt surely smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the SWORD, destroying it utterly, and all that [is] therein, and the cattle thereof, with the edge of the SWORD.” (Deuteronomy 13:15)
“Therefore deliver up their children to the famine, and pour out their [blood] by the force of the SWORD; and let their wives be bereaved of their children, and [be] widows; and let their men be put to death; [let] their young men [be] slain by the SWORD in battle.” (Jeremiah 18:21)
“And it shall come to pass, if they say unto thee, Whither shall we go forth? then thou shalt tell them, Thus saith the LORD; Such as [are] for death, to death; and such as [are] for the SWORD, to the SWORD; and such as [are] for the famine, to the famine; and such as [are] for the captivity, to the captivity.” (Jeremiah 15:2)
“The SWORD [is] without, and the pestilence and the famine within: he that [is] in the field shall die with the SWORD; and he that [is] in the city, famine and pestilence shall devour him.” (Ezekiel 7:15)
And ye shall chase your enemies, and they shall fall before you by the SWORD.” (Leviticus 26:7)
“[Let] the high [praises] of God [be] in their mouth, and a two edged SWORD in their hand;” (Psalms 149:6)
“All the sinners of my people shall die by the SWORD, which say, The evil shall not overtake nor prevent us.” (Amos 9:10)
The Spanish and Portuguese transformation.
From 711 AD, the people of Spain had begun to live Muslim, after 45 year (756 AD) of guidance from the Muslims of Damascus, the indigenous people established self administration.
The people of Portugal were part of the same transformation, slowly developing with their Spanish counterparts, known then as Al-Garb Al-Andalus, meaning The West of Paradise.
As early as 722 AD the Roman Catholics attacked these people, completely removing freedoms by 1249 AD, so complete a purging the only mosque left partially standing within Portugal is in Mertola, and that was converted to a Roman Catholic church after the Reconquista (meaning re-conquest), interesting use of name, re-conquest meaning the Christian Roman Catholics had previously conquered these people and were re-establishing their subjugation.
This relentless unprovoked assault of the Roman Catholics on the peoples of Spain and Portugal lasted 516 years, the Reconquista was essentially completed in 1238 AD, when the only remaining Muslim state in Iberia, the Emirate of Granada, became a vassal of the Christian King of Castille. This arrangement lasted for 250 years until dishonoured by the Roman Catholics, who launched the Granada War of 1492 AD, which finally expelled all Muslim authority from Spain.
Rex Offa.
Going back to the eighth century, Rex Offa who came to the throne allegedly after a period of civil war (we can surmise against the belligerent Roman Catholics), and ruled Mercia (meaning: land of the border people) for 39 years (757 - 796 AD), was a clever statesman, politician and organiser, being fair and kind-hearted in everything that he did. The wealth and security created by the people of Mercia with Offa’s custodianship, had great influence, socially and culturally, throughout their land.
Mercia was split into seven small sub-region, and each of these was split again into many, many even smaller sub-regions. Each one functioned independently, local autonomy for each small sub-region, with Rex Offa as the Rex over the Rex‘s, but not the Christian King concept, the correct Islamic Caliph (custodian) concept.
This is detailed in the 'Tribal Hidage' document established within Offa‘s reign, it presents the Islamic structure of small autonomous communities, the word ‘Hidage’ means unit, and describes a tribal unit. A polycentric nodal community system without sovereignty, based on common law and a bonded society, within the surety model.
The hidas was the land of one family, the hida was divided into four virgates each around 30 to 40 acres, a yardland is a measure of land varying from fifteen to forty acres. So at most a hidas was 120 acres or 40 hectares.
Within the 'Tribal Hidage' are listed the name of the community and the number of family hida within them:
Woken-setna 7000. hidas. Westerna 7000. hidas. Pec-setna 1200. hidas. Elmed-setna 600. hidas. Lindes-farona 7000. hidas. Suth-Gyrwa 600. hidas. North-Girwa 600. hidas. East-Wixna 300. hidas. West-Wixna 600. hidas. Spalda 600. hidas. Wigesta 900. hidas. Herefinna 1200. hidas. Sweordora 300. hidas. Eyfla 300. hidas. Wicca 300. hidas. Wight-gora 600. hidas. Nox gaga 5000. hidas. Oht gaga 2000. hidas. Hwynca 7000. hidas. Ciltern-setna 4000. hidas. Hendrica 3000. hidas. Unecung-ga 1200. hidas. Aroseatna 600. hidas. Fearfinga 300. hidas. Belmiga 600. hidas. Witherigga 600. hidas. East-willa 600. hidas. West-willa 600. hidas. East-Engle 30000. hidas. Eastsexena 7000. hidas. Cant-warena 15000. hidas. Suth-sexena 7000. hidas. West-sexena 100000. hidas. This adds up to: 243,600 hides (Ref: The Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms S.Bassett, 1989.)
Considering this is only inclusive of part of Albion the population was considerable, as each Hidas represented an entire family group, Grandparents, their children, who were parents with their children.
If you go back to 54 BC modern archaeology suggests, the population of Britons at the time could have numbered as many as ten million. Caesar himself remarks that the population of Britain was huge, so the population of Rex Offa’s era would have been extensive.
The system of allodial land rights (also an Islamic concept, but not exclusively) was in use throughout Mercia and the other sovereignty free regions within Albion, before William the Bastard (Conqueror) arrived in 1066 AD. (For further detailed information on Allodial ownership read: 'Allodial Earth'.)
Common Law.
The law system of Mercia under Rex Offa, was completely free of any influence of Roman law, it was based on the original laws of the ancient tribes that settled Britain, those that migrated over from the Continent, already possessing an elaborate and developed legal system.
The system of surety known by many names in the many regions of Albion, we are going to examine Borh, this was the legal system of Albion (replaced in 1066 by the Frankpledge) and had 6 concepts as its foundation:
Each region of Albion had slight variations on the theme, but all followed the same basic structure.
Under the borh system a set of ten to twelve individuals, defined at first by kinship but later by contractual agreement, would form a group to pledge surety for the good behaviour of its members. The group would back up this pledge by paying the fines of its members if they were found guilty of violating customary law. A surety group thus had strong financial incentives to police its members and exclude those who persistently engaged in criminal behaviour.
Exclusion served as a powerful sanction: " Every human being either had sureties and pledge associates or one would not be able to function beyond one's own land, as no one would deal with one who had no bond or who could not get anyone to pledge their surety to them." The courts, called moots, were public assemblies of common men and neighbours. The moots did not expend their efforts on creating or codifying the law. The outcome of a dispute turned entirely on the facts of the case, which were usually established through ritual oath-giving. The disputants first swore to their accusations and denials. Each party then called on oath helpers (including members of their surety groups) to back up these claims with oaths of their own. Deadlocks were often settled by ordeals of fire or water.
Borh law had no category for crimes against the state or against society -- it recognized only crimes against individuals, the fiction of the person was not recognised, only a human being, a system without the concept of a slave, the Christians constructed many 'legal' fictions to inflict slavery on the population, none of which are 'lawful'.
As in other customary law systems, the moots typically demanded that criminals pay restitution or compensation to their victims -- or else face the hazards of outlawry and blood-feud. Murderers owed wergeld (literally, " man-money" ) to their victims' kin. Lesser criminals owed their victims lesser fines, elaborately graded according to the victim's status and the importance of the limb, hand, digit, fingertip, etc., that had been lost. In recognition of the importance of private property, heavier penalties were also imposed for crimes occurring in or about the home, the most serious being hamesucken, i.e. smashing up someone's house. This emphasis on the home reflected Borh law's concern with protecting property rights, including the notion of a protected private space.
The concept of a Rex (meaning 'to put right').
Men served a Rex voluntarily. A Rex had to offer battle gear, food, and plunder to get others to follow him into battle, more importantly, they volunteered to champion the cause of the weak -- for a fee.
Weak victims sometimes found it difficult to convince their much stronger offenders to appear before the court. Rex's balanced the scales by backing the claims of such plaintiffs. This forced brazen defendants to face the court, where they faced the usual fines plus (if requiring to be forcibly summoned) a surcharge that went to the Rex as payment for his services.
This surcharge, called wite, made enforcing the law a profitable business for the Rex. This has passed down to the present day, the court issue, court writs, warrants, prerogatives, and subpoenas, which are all forms of writ.
The Writ passing down from antiquity, still mimics the old model, the writ is handed to the party accused of a crime, the writ has the crime and what was demanded in restitution, if the recipient fails to show up at court, after the writ was given and served, then the police in the modern world or in the ancient by the Rex who would execute it, this has been reversed in its present form, so the court issue the writ authorised by the king or Queen, as opposed to the authorising of the Rex through the writ.
The Rex occupation was not the Christian King sovereign model as practised within the Christianised European tribes, it had no authority to establish a corporate state, nation or crown, it was simply a function of the courts, to establish justice, so 'to put right' injustice.
This is a form of natural law, and is the true model suggested within the Qur’an, not the Christian based Sharia Law now propagated as the Qur‘anic law model, free of the guidance of the Qur'an, we suffer in the modern world.
The common law still underpins the fiction of legislation we all suffer today. The Two Basic Common Laws
(Richard J. Maybury -Whatever Happened to Justice? - Bluestocking Press, CA 95667; 1993) "Do all you have agreed to do" is the basis for contract law. "Do not encroach... " is the basis for criminal law and tort law. A "tort" is harm done to someone.
Black's Law Dictionary defines encroach as: "To enter by gradual steps or stealth into the possessions or rights of another; to trespass or intrude. To gain or intrude unlawfully upon the lands, property, or authority of another."
Now consider the people who masquerade as "government." They agreed to follow their Constitution. To what extent do they do this? And to what extent do they respect other persons or their property? Could it be that so-called "government" is simply common law turned upside-down?
Understanding the Rex and writ model gives a better perspective of the execution of Rex Ethelbert of East Anglia from the Roman Catholic account, where they suggest he minted coins under Offa`s overlordship with his own image upon them, they sight this as the act instigating his execution as a traitor. He was however made a saint by the Catholics and Hereford Cathedral was dedicated to him.
It's far more likely Offa, as the head of the Rex court system, sent his wife, and his wife executed Ethelbert because he was corrupt and functioned against his mandate. This execution outraged the Roman Catholic pontiff.
The reason for the myth of King Arthur.
The legend of King Arthur was manufactured to subjugate women to a subservient position, they accuse Cynethryth 'Guinevere' of infidelity within her marriage to Offa 'Arthur', which caused Queens having all authority withheld from future Christian kings` wives. She perhaps grew too powerful for some of the southern Christian thanes, who within the Christian model see women as the root of evil and subservient to men. Unlike kingdoms, the Tribal Hildage system of Mercia held women in high esteem, and the Rex Queens in their own right during her husbands absence would be able to serve the same function if required, the Christian historians suggest in the issue of charters in their own names, but within the legal structure no concept of state, nation, or corporation, would not have been recognised under the Mercian legal structure, so the Charter concept was never applicable.
“The only genuine documents to survive from before 1066 with seals attached are writs of Edward the Confessor (1042–65), and Gervase of Canterbury says that he was ‘the first of the kings of (counties of) England who appended pressed wax on his charters as a testimony of the truth.” (Gesta regum Anglorum, ed. Stubbs, RS 83 (1880), ii, 59).
The execution in the royal residence of Tamworth in 794 of the now Saint Ethelbert, upset the Church and Offa`s Queen Cynethryth appears as the evil-doer, for that it was agreed by the church that no more Mercian wives of Rex's used the authority of a Rex, of course they were powerless to enforce this until after 1066.
The authority of the Christian Kings as sovereign within their Kingdoms of the southern part of Albion was submissive to the common law of Albion and so answerable to the Rex legal structure, they worked to remove this constraint that had been so indisputably enforced by Offa's wife, they had no choice at that time but to conceded Rex Anglorum to Offa, but poisoned his son and installed some Christian Rex's within Albion after this, but this failed to subjugate the population who refused to recognise or utilise these corrupt and dishonourable men. The Christian sovereign King model was regurgitated by William in 1066, using the Rex Anglorum that Offa had established briefly, to sanction himself as sovereign, through the corruption and perversion of all that was honest and true.
Corruption of History.
Of all the leaders within British History the documents and evidence for Offa are almost totally expunged.
The Jesuit historians attempt to paint Rex Offa as a violent criminal King, as they contend that the people of Powys (a region of Wales), beginning in the 8th century fought with their neighbours to the east, but the Welsh were able to thwart attempted invasions. (Logically this can not be supported, if this was the case why would Rex Offa have helped organise and built a defensive dyke. Another Christian idea is that the dyke was constructed to defend against raids from the sea from Norsemen or other undesirables, again this makes little logical sense, as the coast is a long march from the dyke, and raiders had hundreds of miles of open coast line to raid, if this problem ever existed, as the pagans of the Anglo-Saxon chronicles were the indigenous pagans not an invading force.)
A massive bank and ditch was constructed, and survives today as a potent symbol of the ancient origins of both nations, the dyke was built as a defensible (if not heavily defended) earthwork specifically erected against the belligerent 8th century kingdom of Powys, it ran 64 miles when originally constructed. It seems the welsh became steadily disillusioned with Christianity after Offa until it was re-established once more after 1066.
The question should be why did the people of Cymru (Wales), only attack Mercia during Offa’s reign?
It makes greater logical sense that the sovereign powers subjugating the welsh peoples whose sovereigns, that point, were Christian, a death cult manufactured through the Pontiff college, the vessels of the Roman Catholic empire, and it was through these insidious forces of manipulation that conflict was generated between these neighbours, so leading to the dykes construction.
In 675 Osric, King of the Hwicce, granted the Abbess Berta 100 hides near Bath for the establishment of a convent, the site of an earlier marvellously built pagan temple. This religious house later became a monastery under the patronage of the Bishop of Worcester. King Offa of Mercia successfully wrested with violence and force, "that most famous monastery at Bath" from the bishop in 781 (Ref: Robert Poliquin's Music and Musicians. Quebec University.)
Alfred the Great (849 – 899).
After Offa the Christian sovereigns corruption and violence continued and increased in its demands for death and misery, this resulted in retribution. Starting around 823 onwards the Christian Anglo-Saxons attacked the indigenous population with great armies and murdered across the land, this resulted in a resentment building against them, often resulting in direct action, until the attackers become the attacked.
The Anglo Saxon Chronicle notes in 870 the tables begin to turn and the indigenous pagans take action. "At the same time came they to Medhamsted, burning and breaking, and slaying abbot and monks, and all that they there found. They made such havoc there, that a monastery, which was before full rich, was now reduced to nothing"
Medhamsted was named because there was a well there called Meadswell, this was the site of St. Peters minster erected on the request of the Christian King Peada Son of Penda in 655.
This was the point when the Christians began to be routed from the land, this death cult had, by its own account, murdered, robbed and subjugated within Albion for 370 years at that point.
During 871 the West Saxons under King Alfred, (AS Chronicle) "There were nine general battles .... south of the Thames, besides those skirmishes ...... which were accounted nothing" [App 1/27]. Asser "and Alfred .... he fought a battle with a few men and on very unequal terms against all the army of the pagans ...... the Saxons had been worn out by eight battles in one year against the pagans who had slain one king, nine dukes and innumerable troops ...... both by night and day ... Alfred and all his chieftains with their men and several of his ministers were engaged without rest or cessation against the pagans". [App 2/23].
By 877 the fortunes of King Alfred were on the decline: "with a few of his nobles and certain soldiers and vassals .... used to lead an unquiet life among the woodlands ..... in great tribulation for he had none of the necessaries of life except what he could forage .... or steal from the pagans" [App 2/35].
Alfred and the survivors of his army retreated to Somerset, conducting raids against his enemies and in 878 built a base and defences at Athelney.
The Christian revisionists of history want us to believe Alfred was the King of Albion, when evidently he was a Christian thief and murder, under constant attack from the indigenous Albic peoples surrounding the Anglo-saxon immigrants, who called the indigenous people, pagans.
Monetary Model.
Rex Offa adapted and developed the ancient monetary model, earlier revived by Pippin the Short, a system that was also adopted as the ‘Offa standard’ throughout the Frankish empire of Europe, implemented by Charlemagne, who abolished the monetary system based on gold, due to its shortage as a consequence of the dismemberment of the Byzantium Empire (Constantinople its centre) from Europe, and the ceding of Venice and Sicily with the loss of their lucrative trade routes.
This standardisation, harmonised the array of currencies in use, simplifying trade and commerce.
Offa's silver penny was the forerunner of modern coins, these coins are remarkable for the beauty of their execution, far exceeding in correctness, Offa also minted gold coins, an example has survived. It was discovered in 1841 C.E., and is displayed in the British Museum, its a copy of the gold dinar of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur, which differs from the original by addition of an inscription 'OFFA REX'.
“Neither there is, nor (ever) shall there be a deity for worship and adoration, save for the One, who neither is, nor (ever) shall be a deity for worship and adoration, and Muhammad is the Apostle of the One who neither is, nor (ever) shall be a deity for worship and adoration”, and the further declaration, engraved around the margin of the coin, “Muhammad is the Apostle of the One who neither is, nor (ever) shall be a deity for worship and adoration, who sent him (Muhammad) with the doctrine and the true belief to prevail over every religion." Obverse: The centre text reads "Muhammad is the Apostle of the One who neither is, nor (ever) shall be a deity for worship or adoration, with the name of the Offa Rex written upside down within that text." The text around the circumference reads "With the foundation of (commonly wrongly translated as name of) the One who neither is, nor ever shall be a deity for worship or adoration (Allah). This (coin) was minted in 157 A.H." (157 A.H. corresponds to 773-774 C.E.).
This model remained in use, in a steadily degrading form, throughout Britain until 1971, initially a system based upon a pound ‘ £ ’ in weight of pure silver (sterling) – a unit of both money and weight, a pound of silver was divided into 240 deniers (from the Latin ‘denarius - containing ten’, representing the modern penny, with reference to the existing silver coinage. Also the scylling (modern shilling) worth five deniers), only the denier was a coin of the realm, no scyllings have been found from Offa’s time, but they are referenced in texts.
After Charlemagne's death, continental coinage degraded through sovereign 'usury', corruption and fraud, so most of Christian Europe resorted to using the continued high quality, 'Pagan' or Islamic, English coins until about 1100. Usury.
The lending of money for interest was prohibited, strengthened in 814, when Charlemagne introduced the Capitulary (decree) for the Jews, a justifiable prohibition on Jews engaging in money-lending (synonyms: Usury - Riba - Loan sharking - Modern banking), note this prohibition was from the Emperor not the Pope. The Roman Catholic Church were loan sharks, or bankers, to the Christian sovereign nations of Europe, established through conquest and violence as manufactured corporations, founded on sovereignty. They had no problem with usury beyond stopping competition. The history of the Catholic economic fraud.
The Jesuits (society of Jesus) known as God's Marines, are the largest order of the Roman Catholic church and all male, numbering over 19,000 today, founded in 1534 to replace the equally murderous and corrupt order of the Knights Templar founded 1129.
After Henry VIII (1491 - 1547) rejected the authority of the Catholics, none of the Stuarts would grant the fervent desire of the Jesuits and charter an English national bank. That is why murder, civil war, and religious conflicts plagued their reigns.
The first poor attempt to remove the line of Stuart and install a Scottish royal by the Jesuits was the Essex rebellion of 1601 followed by the thwarted conspiracy on November the 5th 1605,
In 1605 a solitary figure was arrested in the cellars of Parliament House, under torture Guy Fawkes confessed he was one of thirteen who had conspired to blow up the parliament, the King, and his Lords, thereby throwing the country into turmoil, out of which these traitors hoped to raise a new monarch, sympathetic to their cause, and return England to Catholic subjugation.
The Jesuits worked tirelessly behind the scenes to get them to charter the Bank. Nothing succeeded, until finally King James II was deposed then executed.
William III (king from 1688 to 1702) was invited to the English throne, a money-changer from Holland, being a tool of the Wisselbank of Amsterdam, and the Bank of Rome. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, England spent a huge amount of money helping the Hollanders to throw off the Spanish yoke. Their reward was their removal and replacement by Bank of Rome controlled William of Orange.
After the incorporation of the Bank, peace and quiet returned to merry old England. No more royal heads rolled and no more civil wars. After that it didn't matter what was the religious beliefs of the monarchs. The Jesuits preferred that they were "Protestants" as they could take the blame for the wars, poverty and pauperism which inevitably followed usury and money lending.
So on the 27th July 1694 the first modern bank to be opened ultimately for general use was established by the Roman Catholic Jesuits headed by William Paterson (born 1658), in Edinburgh under Royal Charter within the Tonnage act. Soon events were engineered to plunge Europe into the Napoleonic War (1803 – 1815), resulting in the new bank lending money to the government at an interest charge of 8%, agreed upon together with a £4,000 per annum management charge (do not forget that this was in the 1600s!). The first Governor of the Bank was Sir John Houblon who is the face you see on the fifty pound notes of today. These original loans were not to be repaid, only the interest in perpetuity, so this was the point modern income tax was established, and even today 3% of personal income tax goes directly to repay this original loan.
The Zionist take over of the bank.
From the start of the Napoleonic War, right up to the final victory in 1815 the Rothschild brothers, Nathan and James helped finance both the French and the English.
With advanced knowledge of the British victory, Nathan Rothschild spread lies that the British had been defeated, which caused a crash in the value of British Government Bonds. While panicked English investors sold up their life savings, Nathan Rothschild bought-up their bonds for pennies.
When official news of the British victory at Waterloo arrived, the English Bond market sky-rocketed and so did Nathan Rothschild's wealth.
In one foul swoop, the demon brothers had deceived and defrauded the investors and taken control of the Bank of England, today it is estimated that the Rothschild family have a personal fortune of 500 trillion dollars. (That is enough wealth to make every human being in America 309.5, Canada 34.1, Britain 62, Australia 22.4, New Zealand 4.4, Maldives 0.4, and France 65.4, a MILLIONAIRE, and have plenty of change. If you consider the level of theft these parasites have orchestrated upon humanity, the gross turnover of the entire planet is only 58 trillion.)
The Bank of England was the driving force behind the separation of England from her colonies in the New World through war and later the subjugation through civil war.
The Bank of England's strategy was to completely control the British Government. Then they could apply pressure on the colonies and force them to rebel. Lastly, they would impose a Bank of England type bank on the Colonies. This they did in the year 1791. It was called the Bank of the "U.S.", BUS for short, General Jackson refused to renew the bank charter and it died an unnatural death in 1836.
The corrupt banker worked hard to re-charter their fraud, to the extent of sinking, with explosives, the Titanic on her maiden voyage, with her life boats removed and control of the media, they fabricated a riddiculous lie to hide the crime, by doing this they eliminated the politicians standing against them, so in 1913 they got their fraud under the name "Federal" Reserve Bank of the "U.S."
Was Rex Offa Muslim?
Historical accounts show that not only was the early Muslim world aware of the British Isles, but they also had a relationship on intellectual, political, economic, and military terms. Britain's contacts and connections with Muslims are older than often thought, and yet the Muslim impact on, and contribution to Western civilisations is routinely overlooked.
The presence of Islam and Muslims in Europe can be traced as far back as the eighth century. Voluntary, documented, Muslim conversions of the population advanced by 732 AD as close as Poitiers in France.
It seems that the 'Offa' of Mercia, whose origins are obscure, was born with an entirely different name, and that Offa was rather his adopted name, chosen one must presume, because it had some significance to the Albic Mercian’s of the time, or as the practical evidence suggests, chosen in the tradition of most converts to Islam, who choose a new name to reference their transformation of mind. If we examine the Arabic, two possibilities are available: Affa meaning: to refrain Awfa meaning: Omen
Offa's predecessor Rex Ethelbald reigned for over forty years, he was defamed by the church for allowing his supporters to pursue their excessive behaviour against them, such as raiding nunneries for food and for women, he was regarded by the indigenous population with respect for having protected the weak and kept them safe as the Rex of justice for all those years.
The Christian historians connect the name Offa with the Anglo-Saxon, mythical King Offa, but the name Offa also means in Latin a 'ball of dough'. It would be logical to assume Rex Offa would not wish to adopt anything Anglo-Saxon, being neither, and the head of a Mercian Tribal Hidage.
Another archaeological oddity to the conventional view of history, dating back to the ninth century, is the Ballycottin Cross, found on the Southern coast of Ireland, this is also worth mentioning. It is significant because, like Offa's coins, the cross also bears an Arabic inscription. Set in a glass bead is the word 'Bismillah', meaning 'A foundation for mankind', often mistranslated as ‘In the name of Allah’.
After Rex Offa’s death.
We are told Ecgfrith was the first Mercian Rex to receive a Christian consecration (made sacred) as part of his coronation, a Roman Catholic ritual, however unlikely this may sound, it seems if you consider the circumstances surrounding Offa’s son, who Offa had groomed and tutored as his successor all his life, who once in power, was murdered within months of Offa’s death, and a Roman Catholic subjugator, King Coenwulf, was empowered, who duly paid the Pope for his services and influence, with a massive gold tribute, extorted from the indigenous population, of 4380 gold coins, and a promise of 365 further gold coins yearly, justified in the name of the dead Offa Rex.
A letter written in 798 to King Coenwulf of the Mercians by Pope Leo III mentions a alleged promise made in 786 by Rex Offa to send 365 mancus to Rome every year. A Mancus specifically refer to Islamic gold dinars: mancus derives from the Arabic word manqush, meaning 'struck'.
The use of the term mancus was wide spread throughout Europe between the ninth and eleventh centuries through the propagation of these coins, free of the dilution of usury, this ended with the destruction of the indigenous tribes of Albion around 1066 to 1086.
Only a single example of a gold Mancus minted by Rex Offa exists, the surviving western specimens of early medieval gold coins must represent only a tiny proportion of the original stock, it must be borne in mind that before the thirteenth century gold coins were extremely rare in western Europe: in England, for instance, only eight native gold pieces with meaningful inscriptions are known from c. 650 to 1066, which can be complemented by finds from the same period of half a dozen Arabic gold and perhaps ten Carolingian gold pieces or imitations of them. Substantial and regular production of gold coinage only resumed in the thirteenth century.
It seem that after King Offa, sovereign criminals wished to establish the Christian sovereignty model, and the church corporate model, they attempted to erode the freedom Rex Offa had established. But only slightly, the population continued for the most part to reject Christianity, and even evict the Christian Anglo-Saxon immigrants who viewed the indigenous population as pagans, just as they viewed the Muslims of Spain or the middle East as pagans. The pagans seem to have had support from the Danes in their attempts to contain the death cult of Christianity, rampant within southern Albion.
Why would I say this?
In 1049 AD pope Alexander II, declared William the Bastard's (Guillaume le Bâtard - propagated by the Roman Catholics as William the Conqueror), marriage to the daughter of Baldwin of Flanders incestuous and among other penances he was forced to undertake was to go on a crusade, the first Crusade of the Papacy. In 1066 William obtained a blessing for the conquest of Albion (England), Alexander II empowered William the Bastard with a Papal ring (A new ring is cast in gold for each Pope), the standard of St. Peter and a Papal edict to present to the English clergy, he also received a consecrated banner in support of the subjugation of Albion (this banner signifies a solemn dedicated purpose of sacred religious sanctification (the establishing of the setting aside for special use or purpose)).
William organized a council of wanton war at Lillebonne and openly began assembling an army of Mercenaries, criminals and aristocratic vermin in Normandy. Offering promises of stolen English lands and titles, he amassed a considerable invasion force, quotas for the supply of ships imposed on the Norman nobility indicate a fleet of around seven hundred and seventy ships.
The Roman Catholic historian attempt to legalise the actions of the puppet William by the distortions of history, justifying the wholesale extermination of the indigenous population without concern or interest, under the heading, the struggle for sovereignty, they see all as valid. *********************************************** “King Harold himself, on foot, stood with his brothers near the standard in order that, so long as all shared equal danger, none could think of retreating. This same standard William sent, after his victory, to the pope; it was sumptuously embroidered with gold and precious stones, and represented the figure of a man fighting.”
“They revived, by their arrival, the rule of religion which had everywhere grown lifeless in England. You might see churches rise in every village, and monasteries in the towns and cities”
“The clergy, contented with a little confused learning, could scarcely stammer out the words of the sacraments; and a person who understood grammar was an object of wonder and astonishment. The monks mocked the rule of their order by fine vestments and the use of every kind of food.” (Roman Catholic Monk William of Malmesbury, d. 1143) - written 77 years after the events of 1066.
Over the next five years until 1071 war raged throughout Mercia, in addition, subjugating Kings periodically attempted to take sovereignty from William, the people of Mercia fought and were worn down, the promise of easy wealth emptied Europe of every low life and thief it held, to fight against the Mercian's.
William employed a method of harrying the population, which entailed the destruction of every building, field, animal, person and possession his mercenaries and the Christians from the southern kingdoms, now under Williams dictatorship, came across within Mercia and the other northern regions. After the land was burnt his men sowed the fields and land with salt, to stunt growth; after this treatment the land did not recover for more than 100 years, this created a powerful famine as an ally to William, who is said to have eliminated the native aristocracy (meaning governing by the best citizens, being the Rex's of the legal system) in as little as four years. He fell upon the English of the North like a raging rabid beast, without conscience, utterly without mercy and revelling in barbarity, so that the area was depopulated and impoverished for many decades.
In 1083, Matilda his wife died, and William became even more tyrannical over the realm he brutally subjugated, with the aid of the Roman Catholic Empire.
The people suffered horrifically in a baron land of death, those that survived were starving, weak and defeated, William showed no mercy to children, women or men, this wholesale extermination continued until his death in 1087 AD.
The death toll is unknown, but the majority of the enormous population of Mercia disappeared. Due to the scorched earth policy, much of the land was laid waste and depopulated.
The Doomsday book.
The Domesday Book completed in 1086, called such because the writers believed, the land, possessions and people were the property of the sovereign until doomsday, a catalogue and record of the great survey of the fiction established as England, being the land now subjugated to the angles. The judgement of its assessors was final, whatever the book recorded about who held the material wealth or what it was worth, was the legislation, and there was no appeal.
This was the first time land ownership, based on the fiction of estate, existed in Albion, they established a state corporation as owner, and feudal lords as tenants paying rent. This means the land is always the property of the corporation, all that is bought and sold are the lease hold of the property from the state. However under common law this had no foundation or justification:
From the Doomsday book, it has tentatively been estimated there were between 1¼ and 2 million people, including the large influx of Europeans eager to subjugate and exploit the survivors of the extermination. The population distribution was, more than 10 people per square mile in the southern counties, while the northern counties including Wales had a density of less than 3 people per square mile.
The only logical reason Pope Alexander II would have wished to destroy the entire population of Mercia, Wales, Northumbria, and the other northern regions, would have been if they were using the Muslim models which stand in opposition to the sovereign models, a person having enjoyed the freedom of these models of society would never consent to the insanity of the ignorance and subjugation of the death cult of the Roman Catholic enslavement.
This is historically demonstrated by the Muslims within the Iberian region, as they had to ultimately leave their ancestral homes, their businesses, their heritage, and travelled into a land they did not know, to escape the Roman Catholic persecutions, and enslavement both physical and mental. Frankpledge.
The frankpledge was installed within the southern counties and some other areas, but would only function with a population who understood they were slaves, this limited its range.
In reference to our modern legal system; bail, release, and pledging for another's appearance, as well as duty to inform on a neighbour, all descend from the frankpledge.
True frankpledge never existed in the six northern counties of England or in Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, or Wales. (Ref: D. A. Crowley , ‘The Later History of Frankpledge’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 48 ( 1975 ))
The Death of William the Bastard.
Williams death was poetic in its justice, physically his body was swollen by several years of excessive eating and drinking, during a campaigns against the French kings, while fighting at the Battle of Mantes, he was thrown against the pommel of his saddle so violently that his intestines burst. Five weeks later - on September 9, 1087 he died, on his death bed he made his confession:
"I treated the native inhabitants of the kingdom with unreasonable severity, cruelly oppressed high and low, unjustly disinherited many, and caused the death of thousands by starvation and war, especially in Yorkshire....In mad fury I descended on the people of the north like a raging lion, and ordered that their homes and crops with all their equipment and furnishings should be burnt at once and their great flocks and herds of sheep and cattle slaughtered everywhere. So I chastised a great multitude of men and women with the lash of starvation and, alas! was the cruel murderer of many thousands, both young and old, of this fair people."
When William died the wealthier in attendance immediately left, anxious to protect their property now that their king was dead. Those who stayed behind, says Orderic, "seized the arms, vessels, clothing, linen, and all the royal furnishings, and hurried away leaving the king's body almost naked on the floor of the house."
It was determined that the body would be taken to Caen and buried in the church of St. Stephen. But all the royal dependants having left, there was no one to make preparations. It fell to a common knight to make the funeral arrangements and have the body conveyed down the Seine and then overland to Caen. There, as the abbot and his monks came to meet the bier, a fire broke out, destroying the greater part of the town. All rushed to extinguish it, leaving only the monks to complete the service.
William was eulogized before the assembled bishops and abbots of Normandy, and a request made that, if ever he had done wrong, he was to be forgiven. Incredibly, someone loudly proclaimed that the church had been built on land forcibly acquired from his father when William was duke. "Therefore I lay claim to this land, and openly demand it, forbidding in God's name that the body of this robber be covered by earth that is mine or buried in my inheritance." The man was compensated sixty shillings for the place of burial.
The monk of Caen writes that William was "great in body and strong, tall in stature but not ungainly." When it came time to bury the heavy body, it was discovered that the stone sarcophagus had been made too short. There was an attempt to force the corpse and, says Orderic, "the swollen bowels burst, and an intolerable stench assailed the nostrils of the by-standers and the whole crowd." Even the frankincense and spices of the censers was not enough to mask the smell, and the rites were hurriedly concluded.
William the Bastard (Conqueror) was named as man of the millennium on 24th December 1998 by the now late Cardinal Basil Hume, head of the Roman Catholic Church in England, which was later confirmed by the Vatican.
To this day the people of Mercia are slaves, we still suffer under the same constrictive controls, the minds of the people have been subjugated so deeply with the passage of almost a thousands years, they fail to comprehend their condition.
The feudal system has altered over time, but still functions, the rights of allodial ownership have continued to be denied to us, and the Roman Catholic Crown still pulls the strings behind a wall of deceit. Our legal system has been replaced with corporate and admiralty Law, while common law is denied us, our possessions held within a fiction and leased back to us through taxation, our physical bodies the property of the Crown Corporation through the registration of live birth, enslaving us to the Christian death cult society, are labour represented by a certificate of debt, all intrinsic value removed, we work for a fiction, we own a fiction, we are subject to the fictions of the sovereign.
They condition and indoctrinate the population to not only be compliant to their dictates, but to be so subjugated, they enthusiastically force those around them to be just as compliant.
They have removed the coinage monetary system, and replaced it with a fiat monetary system, resulting in a constant defrauding of the people, taxes expand while services decline, fiat money values constantly erode, so the burden builds, economically enslaved, mentally subjugated, socially isolated; has the Roman Catholic assault ever reduced? Now in-conjunction with the Zionist assault.
They educate only enough to allow function, they do not want the bulk of the people to see things clearly, a developed mind is a dangerous tool against an establishment of liars, thieves and subjugators, a criminal body in control of a dullard population. |
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| 1431 HIJRAH |
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